英字新聞

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2016年07月

追加金融緩和 日銀は政権のしもべか

--The Asahi Shimbun, July 30
EDITORIAL: BOJ must free itself from the shackles of state policy
(社説)追加金融緩和 日銀は政権のしもべか

The Bank of Japan has decided to open the monetary spigot further. The central bank said July 29 that it will double its annual purchases of exchange-traded funds (ETF) to 6 trillion yen ($58.8 billion).
日本銀行が金融緩和の追加策を決めた。日銀が買い入れる上場投資信託(ETF)の額を年間6兆円に倍増する。

The BOJ’s action came as a response to a request for further monetary expansion from the Abe administration, which will soon unveil a huge package of policy measures to stoke economic growth. The program will come in at 28 trillion yen.
安倍政権は近く事業規模28兆円の大型経済対策を発表する予定で、日銀に金融緩和で協力するよう求めていた。

The central bank has already taken radical steps to pump money into the economy, by setting negative interest rates and making massive purchases of government bonds. As experts have warned that expanding these measures would be ineffective and even harmful, the BOJ, apparently under pressure to play ball with the government, resorted to one of the few remaining options.
マイナス金利の拡大や国債買い入れの増額に弊害や限界が指摘されるなかで、政府に歩調を合わせるための苦肉の策と言えよう。

The thinking behind the monetary policy is to ensure that the Japanese economy will continue stable and sustained growth.
金融政策の本来の目的は、日本経済を安定させ持続的な発展を確かなものにすることだ。

It is doubtful whether the central bank’s latest move will serve this purpose.
今回の緩和策がそれにかなっているかと言えば、疑わしい。

In the latest of its quarterly “Outlook for Economic Activity and Prices” report, released on July 29, the BOJ said the economy “has continued its moderate recovery trend” and “is likely to be on a moderate expanding trend.”
日銀は四半期に一度の「展望リポート」で日本の景気の現状を「緩やかな回復を続けている」とし、今後についても「緩やかに拡大していく」と見通した。

A clutch of economic indicators confirmed the BOJ’s assessment, indicating the economy is on a stable footing. The ratio of job offers to job seekers has risen above 1 in all the 47 prefectures for the first time since such records started being kept.
有効求人倍率が全都道府県で初めて1倍を超えるなど多くの景気指標が改善を示し、景気はそれなりに安定している。

Even though there is a degree of uncertainty in European and emerging economies, no compelling case can be made for putting together an outsized package of economic stimulus measures at this moment. The BOJ should have taken exception to the administration’s plan, but the central bank has instead provided support to the administration through the additional monetary easing.
欧州経済や新興国経済に不透明感があるとはいえ、いま大型の経済対策を打ち出そうという政府の発想そのものがおかしい。日銀はそれに物申すべきだが、追加緩和でむしろ側面支援してしまった。

The BOJ deserves to be criticized for following the government’s lead into a questionable move.
政権の意を受けて追従したと見られても仕方あるまい。

Two of the nine members of the BOJ’s Policy Board, which makes the bank’s policy decisions, voiced opposition to the proposal to increase the purchases of ETFs, investment vehicles traded on stock exchanges.
金融政策を決める審議委員9人のうちETF購入増には2人が反対した。

They argued, quite reasonably, that the step would have negative effects on price formation in the market. But such dissenting voices within the central bank’s policy-making body are now more unlikely to be heard than before because the Abe administration has replaced retiring members with supporters of the prime minister's "Abenomics" economic policy. The two members opposed to the latest action are both private-sector economists who joined the Policy Board before Shinzo Abe returned to power in December 2012.
「市場の価格形成に悪影響を及ぼす」などもっともな理由からだが、こうした意見は出にくくなっている。委員の任期が来るたびに、政権がアベノミクス賛成論者に替えてきたからだ。反対の2人は第2次安倍政権の発足前から務める民間エコノミスト出身者である。

If the Policy Board is dominated by similar-minded members, it will lose its ability to check the aggressive and controversial “different dimension” monetary expansion policy that has been promoted by BOJ Governor Haruhiko Kuroda.
政権の考えに近い委員ばかりになれば、黒田東彦総裁が旗を振る異次元緩和に対するチェック機能は失われてしまう。

We are concerned that the BOJ might become even more inclined to adopt a monetary policy supportive of the administration’s agenda.
今後ますます政権にとって都合のよい金融政策に傾きかねない点も気がかりだ。

But the Policy Board should be given credit for refraining from an expansion of the negative interest rate policy, which could put an additional strain on the financial health of banks, and also from an increase in the amount of government bonds bought by the BOJ, which could be seen as the central bank’s attempt to finance government spending.
ただ、金融機関の経営をますます圧迫しかねないマイナス金利政策の強化や、政府への財政ファイナンスと受け取られかねない国債買い入れの増額に手をつけなかった点は評価したい。

Markets had warned that failing to take these steps would trigger the yen’s upswing as well as a major stock market decline. But this view itself reflects a distorted relationship between monetary policy and financial markets.
市場では「実施しないと円高、株安になる」となかば脅しのように語られていたが、そのこと自体が金融政策と市場とのゆがんだ関係を表している。

The BOJ’s excessive monetary expansion is now doing more harm than good to both companies and households.
企業や家計にとって、行きすぎた金融緩和は今や有害だ。

The negative interest rate policy has delivered a serious blow not just to banks but also to pension funds whose investment plans have gone awry due to the measure.
マイナス金利政策では、金融機関だけでなく運用計画が狂った年金基金も悲鳴をあげている。

To bring its monetary policy back to a normal state, the BOJ should start mapping out an exit strategy for its different dimension monetary easing program as soon as possible.
日銀は正常な金融政策に立ち戻るため、早く異次元緩和からの出口政策を検討し始めるべきだ。

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ロ事件40年 浄化の道なお遠く

--The Asahi Shimbun, July 27
(社説)ロ事件40年 浄化の道なお遠く
EDITORIAL: Corrupt politics linger 4 decades after Lockheed bribery scandal

July 27 marked the 40th anniversary of the arrest of Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka over the Lockheed bribery scandal.
ロッキード事件で田中角栄元首相が逮捕されて、きょう27日でちょうど40年になる。

Even after he was indicted on criminal charges, Tanaka (1918-1993) led a massive faction within the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and wielded huge political clout by playing kingmaker. Since then, the landscape in Nagatacho, the political power center in Tokyo, has changed dramatically. Factions within the LDP have sunk into political irrelevance. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has acquired so much political power that many pundits are lamenting the lack of political forces that can pose a serious challenge to his leadership.
However, one thing remains unchanged in Japanese politics. It is the power of money that keeps breeding graft and corruption.
刑事被告人になっても大派閥を率い、首相の座をも左右した田中支配時代と、派閥が力を失い、対抗勢力の不在を嘆く声がしきりの首相一強の現在と。永田町の光景は様変わりしたが、変わらないものがある。
政治とカネをめぐる病だ。

During the past four decades, a series of steps have been taken to tackle the problem. The electoral systems of both houses of the Diet have been reformed. The Political Fund Control Law has been revised to remove special-interest money from politics, while the guilt-by-association rule concerning elections has been enhanced.
But the politicians who created the new rules have installed convenient loopholes. The current situation is nowhere close to the elimination of doubt and the restoration of public trust in politics.
この間、衆参両院の選挙制度が改まり、政治資金規正法の見直しや連座制の強化など、それなりの手だてが講じられてはきた。だが法律をつくる政治家自身の手によって抜け道もしっかり用意され、疑惑の根絶と信頼の回復にはほど遠い。

Just recently, Akira Amari resigned as economy minister over his dubious relations with a construction company. And a month ago Tokyo Governor Yoichi Masuzoe stepped down after he failed to offer convincing explanations about his seemingly inappropriate use of political funds.
最近も、業者との不透明な関係を追及され、甘利明氏が経済再生担当相を辞任した。舛添要一氏が政治資金の使途の疑念にこたえられないまま、都庁を去ったのは1カ月前のことだ。

Despite all these and other money scandals involving politicians, lawmakers, especially those of the LDP, remain reluctant to make any vigorous response to the deep-seated problem.
にもかかわらず政治の側、とりわけ自民党の動きは鈍い。

During their campaigns for the July 10 Upper House election, most parties other than the LDP, including the LDP’s junior coalition partner, Komeito, the main opposition Democratic Party, the Japanese Communist Party and the Initiatives from Osaka, promised to take measures to clean up the rot in politics, although their proposals differed in content and strength.
The promised measures included imposing stronger responsibility on politicians to oversee the acts of their secretaries, injecting greater transparency into the expenditures of political funds and state-financed expenses for political activities, and banning political donations by companies and other organizations.
先の参院選で、公明、民進、共産、おおさか維新などの各党は、主張する内容や濃淡に違いはあったものの、秘書に対する政治家の監督責任の強化、政治資金や国から支払われる活動経費の透明化、企業・団体献金の禁止など、浄化へのとり組みをそれぞれ公約にかかげた。

But the LDP, which has Amari among its members and supported Masuzoe in the previous Tokyo gubernatorial election, made no reference to this problem in its campaign platform.
ところが甘利氏が所属し、前回の都知事選で舛添氏をかついだ自民党は、政策集の中でこの問題にいっさい触れなかった。

This kind of attitude only widens the distance between citizens and politics and deepens public cynicism.
こうした姿勢が、ふつうの人と政治との距離を広げ、不信の根を深くする。

Although the LDP won a major victory in the Upper House election, the ruling party will be long remembered for its failure to make a serious response to scandals involving its members and allies.
選挙には勝ったが、「身内の醜聞にも正面から向き合わない」との評価は、この先ついてまわるだろう。

We urge the other parties, including Komeito, to make nonpartisan efforts to find common ground on this issue and create a situation that prods the reluctant LDP into action.
公明をふくむ他の政党は、与野党の垣根をこえて合意点を探り、自民党が重い腰を上げざるを得ない状況をつくりだしてほしい。

What they should do first is to make all flows of money into politics completely transparent and establish a system in which citizens can always check and evaluate the flows.
まずとり組むべきは、すべてのカネの流れをガラス張りにして、市民が常に点検し評価できる環境を整えることだ。

Tanaka left another big blot in the history of Japanese politics.
田中氏に関してはもう一つ、忘れてはならない汚点がある。

One and a half years before he was arrested, Tanaka was forced to resign as prime minister amid allegations about his shady financial connections. At that time, he pledged to “clarify the truth someday to win people’s understanding.”
逮捕の1年半前、いわゆる金脈問題がとどめとなって首相を辞した際、氏は「いずれ真実を明らかにして、国民の理解を得てまいりたい」と表明した。

But he died without carrying out his promise. Now, both Amari and Masuzoe remain silent about the allegations against them, apparently waiting for the storm of criticism to pass.
しかし約束はついに果たされなかった。そしていま、甘利、舛添両氏とも、自らの疑惑についてだんまりを決めこみ、批判の嵐が過ぎるのを待つ。

Nowadays, there is a growing wave of positive reviews about Tanaka’s political record, probably due in part to nostalgic feelings about his era, when the Japanese economy was growing rapidly.
右肩上がりだった時代への郷愁も手伝ってか、田中氏再評価の動きがさかんだ。

But the dark role of big money in politics and politicians’ inability to be honest and straightforward with the public about money are both negative legacies from the era that still haunt Japanese politics 40 years after the downfall of the powerful, but corrupt politician.
だがカネをめぐる黒い体質と国民に対する不実は、40年を経てなお、清算されていない負の遺産である。

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ASEAN会議 中国の国際法無視が目に余る

The Yomiuri Shimbun
China’s disregard for international law glaringly apparent at ASEAN
ASEAN会議 中国の国際法無視が目に余る

Beijing continues to reject the court of arbitration’s decision dismissing the country’s self-serving claims that its sovereignty covers almost all the area in the South China Sea. We believe such a high-handed stance can never be accepted.
南シナ海のほぼ全域に主権が及ぶという独善的な主張を否定した仲裁裁判所の判決を拒否し続ける。そんな中国の横暴は決して許されまい。

Foreign ministers gathered for meetings of the East Asia Summit — Japan, the United States, China and Southeast Asian countries are among the members — and the ASEAN Regional Forum.
日米中や東南アジアなどによる東アジア首脳会議(EAS)と東南アジア諸国連合(ASEAN)地域フォーラム(ARF)の外相会議が開かれた。

Regarding Beijing’s moves to militarize the South China Sea, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry called for China to respect the ruling, saying, “It is an arbitration, the results of which ... is legally binding.”
中国が南シナ海で軍事拠点化を進める問題について、ケリー米国務長官は、「仲裁の結果には法的拘束力がある」と述べ、中国に判決を尊重するよう要求した。

Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida followed suit, stressing, “Parties concerned should comply with the court of arbitration, which will contribute to solving the issue.”
岸田外相も、「仲裁裁判に紛争当事国が従うことで、問題の解決につながる」と強調した。

It is crucial for Japan, the United States and other countries concerned to work together to keep urging China to abide by the ruling.
日米など関係国が結束して、中国に判決の順守を促し続けることが肝要である。

During a meeting with Kishida, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi called for Japan to be discreet in word and deed because Tokyo is “not a party concerned in the South China Sea issue.” This cannot be overlooked.
看過できないのは、中国の王毅外相が岸田外相との会談で、「日本は南シナ海問題の当事国ではない」などと強弁し、言行を慎むよう求めたことだ。

It is nothing less than in the common interest of the international community to maintain order in the South China Sea based on the rule of law, and ensure freedom of navigation. We regard Wang’s claims as unreasonable.
「法の支配」に基づく南シナ海の秩序維持と航行の自由の確保は国際社会共通の利益にほかならない。王氏の主張は筋違いだ。

Following the ruling, Beijing announced that it had sent new bombers on patrol around the Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea, which is close to the Philippines. The country said it will regularly conduct such missions, and has also expressed a policy to continue building artificial islands in the area. A series of such moves will only heighten tension.
中国は判決後、フィリピンに近い南シナ海のスカボロー礁付近で新型爆撃機の巡視飛行を実施したと発表した。今後は常態化させるという。人工島の施設建設を続ける方針も示している。一連の行動は緊張を高めるだけだ。

Apparent maneuver

Ahead of the EAS meeting, foreign ministers from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations issued a joint statement at their gathering, which said they “remain seriously concerned” over current developments in the South China Sea. The document failed to directly refer to the ruling because of strong opposition from Cambodia, which receives huge amounts of economic assistance from China.
EAS外相会議に先立ち、ASEAN外相会議は共同声明で、南シナ海の現状に対し、「深刻な懸念」を表明した。判決に直接言及しなかったのは、中国から大規模な経済支援を受けているカンボジアが強硬に反対したためだ。

“Only one country mentioned the court of arbitration during this meeting,” Wang said, with an eye on the Philippines. Chinese President Xi Jinping’s administration, which suffered a serious diplomatic setback from the ruling, apparently believed that it was able to regain lost ground by splitting ASEAN members.
王氏は、フィリピンを念頭に、「会議で仲裁裁判に触れたのは1か国だけだ」と語った。判決で外交上の大敗北を喫した習近平政権はASEANを切り崩し、巻き返しを図ったつもりなのだろう。

We suspect that China is also drawing up a scenario to woo the Philippines, which has just undergone a change of administration, to set aside the ruling and hold talks.
判決を棚上げしたまま、政権交代したばかりのフィリピンを懐柔して対話に持ち込む。こんな筋書きも描いているのではないか。

Wang announced that China had set a target of completing the establishment of a code of conduct with ASEAN — which would legally bind moves by countries concerned in the South China Sea — by the first half of next year. Beijing’s reluctance has so far hampered talks on the envisioned set of rules between the two sides.
王氏は、南シナ海での関係国の行動を法的に拘束する行動規範について、来年上半期までに策定を完了する目標を明らかにした。これまでASEANとの協議では、中国の消極姿勢が障害だった。

China presented the target apparently with the aim of fending off criticism from ASEAN. We cannot believe that China, which disregards international law, will seriously engage in the establishment of multinational rules. Countries concerned should beef up pressure on China to give the code of conduct more teeth.
時期の明示には、ASEAN側の批判をかわす狙いがあろう。国際法を蔑ないがしろにする中国が国際ルールの策定に真摯しんしに取り組むとは思えない。関係国は、行動規範の実効性を高めるよう対中圧力を強めるべきである。

(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, July 27, 2016)

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letter from Joe Biden (vice-president of U.S.A) on 27 July 2016

Kiyoshi --

 There is no one I admire -- or trust -- more than Hillary Clinton, and that's what I'm going to say at the Democratic Convention this week.

 This country needs her to win this election -- and she needs you on her side to do it.

 Donald Trump simply has no credibility or standing to represent American interests abroad. His small-minded, unstable temperament, his shocking incoherence regarding the norms and details of foreign policy, and his dangerous ideology are all completely disqualifying.

 Trump barely understood the Brexit decision, which sent ripples of economic anxiety and nationalist sentiment across Europe. He believes more, not fewer, nations should acquire nuclear weapons. He praises authoritarians like Vladimir Putin. He thinks people like President Obama and Hillary are to blame for the rise of ISIS and the collapse of Libya. He considers NATO -- a bedrock alliance dating back to 1949 -- a security agreement we could casually withdraw from or renegotiate unilaterally. Just this weekend, he talked about leaving the World Trade Organization as well.

 I've known Hillary for decades, and I know that the choice we have to make in November could not be more clear or more consequential. If you're with her and trust her as much as I do, show her -- and show the world how much better we are than the disturbing and dark vision Donald Trump offers.

If you've saved your payment information, your donation will go through immediately.

 Thank you,

 Madeleine

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Stabbing spree in Japan leaves at least 19 dead, dozens injured

July 26, 2016 (Mainichi Japan)
Stabbing spree in Japan leaves at least 19 dead, dozens injured

TOKYO (Kyodo) -- A knife-wielding man went on a stabbing rampage at a residential care facility for the disabled in Kanagawa Prefecture west of Tokyo early Tuesday, killing at least 19 people and injuring 26 others, 20 of them seriously, police and firefighters said.

Kanagawa prefectural police arrested Satoshi Uematsu, 26, who drove to the Tsukui Police Station and turned himself around 3 a.m. Tuesday, saying "I did it."

"It's better that the disabled disappear," the police quoted him as saying.

Uematsu, who said he was a former employee of the facility in the city of Sagamihara and a resident of the city, had a bag full of knives and other edged tools, some bloodstained, when he turned himself in.

The police arrested him on suspicion of attempted murder and unlawful entry to a building.

The police are investigating the motive behind the attack that took place at the Tsukui Yamayuri En (Tsukui Lily Garden) facility around 2:30 a.m., they added.

According to its website, the residential care facility for the disabled was set up by the Kanagawa prefectural government and run by a social welfare corporation. It has about a 30,000-square-meter total site area and can accommodate up to 160 people.

As of the end of April, it had 149 residents between 19 and 75 years of age, with 40 of them believed to be over 60.

The facility is located about 50 kilometers from downtown Tokyo and is near private residences and an elementary school.

After the news about the stabbing rampage spread, families of the residents as well as neighbors of the facility flocked to the facility to get information about the residents' condition, saying they had received no information from the facility.

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米大統領選 党の亀裂深めたトランプ指名

The Yomiuri Shimbun
GOP deepens party rift with Trump nomination for presidential election
米大統領選 党の亀裂深めたトランプ指名

Can the U.S. Republican Party heal its rift to win the November presidential election and hold power for the first time in eight years? This can be described as a launch with many issues remaining.
11月の米大統領選の勝利と8年ぶりの政権奪還に向け、共和党は亀裂を修復できるのか。課題が残る船出と言えよう。

Donald Trump was officially nominated as the Republican presidential candidate at the party’s convention, setting off a full-fledged campaign against Hillary Clinton, a former secretary of state who will be the Democratic candidate.
ドナルド・トランプ氏が党大会で大統領候補に正式指名された。民主党候補になるヒラリー・クリントン前国務長官との間で選挙戦が本格化する。

In his acceptance speech, Trump said, “The most important difference between our plan and that of our opponents is that our plan will put America first.” He vehemently presented his inward-looking attitude by setting a high value on the national interest while dismissing globalism.
トランプ氏は指名受諾演説で、「敵と我々の最大の違いは、こちらは米国第一だということだ」と内向きの国益重視を言い募り、グローバリズムを否定した。

It is worrisome that Trump once again clearly showed his isolationism and populism by stirring up the public’s anger and fear.
懸念されるのは、大衆の怒りと恐怖を煽あおるポピュリズムや孤立主義を改めて鮮明にしたことだ。

Trump insisted that he will build a border wall to stop illegal immigration, while demanding that immigration should be immediately suspended from any nation that has been compromised by terrorism. “I will restore law and order to our country” through these policies, the nominee said.
不法移民の流入を阻むため、国境に壁を建設する。テロが浸透する国からの移民受け入れを即時中止する。こうした施策で「法と秩序を回復する」と強弁した。

Trump expressed his opposition to the Trans-Pacific Partnership, describing the free trade pact as something that “will make America subject to the rulings of foreign governments.”
環太平洋経済連携協定(TPP)に関しては、「米国を外国政府の支配にさらす」と反対する。

Could it ever be possible for the United States to shut itself behind closed doors to ensure economic development and safety at a time when more and more countries are engaged in free trade and international cooperation is urged in monetary policies and countermeasures against terrorism?
自由貿易が広がり、金融政策やテロ対策で国際社会の協調が求められる時代に、米国だけが殻にこもり、経済発展と安全を確保することが果たしてできるのか。

Personal attacks

When it comes to Clinton, Trump presented his rival as a symbol of the existing establishment and criticized her for allegedly causing chaos in the Middle East and terrorism as secretary of state. “We cannot afford to be so politically correct anymore,” he said as justification for his personal attacks and his crude comments and behavior.
クリントン氏については、既存の支配層の象徴と位置付け、国務長官として中東の混乱やテロを招いたと非難した。「我々にはもはや、政治的公正さに気を使う余裕はない」とも語り、品位を欠く言動や個人攻撃を正当化した。

A business tycoon running a hotel chain, Trump has no political or military experience. He will definitely aim to win support as an outsider from a wide range of voters, including some Democrats and political independents, during the presidential election, just as he did in the primaries.
トランプ氏はホテルチェーンを展開する実業家で、政治経験も、軍歴もない。本選でも、アウトサイダーとして、民主党員の一部や無党派層を含む幅広い支持の獲得を狙おうとするのだろう。

It is a grave situation that the internal split was clearly visible at the Republican National Convention, even though it was supposed to serve as an opportunity to confirm unity. The gathering was boycotted by many of the party’s heavyweights, including former U.S. President George W. Bush and Mitt Romney, the nominee in the 2012 presidential election.
結束を確認するはずの共和党大会で、分断が露呈したことは深刻だ。ブッシュ前大統領や前回の大統領候補のミット・ロムニー氏ら党重鎮が軒並み欠席した。

In the vote to nominate the candidate of the Republican party, candidates other than Trump won as much as a combined 30 percent of the delegates, because mainstream candidates competing against the billionaire in the primaries and others refused to support him even after they accepted defeat and dropped out of the presidential race. There undoubtedly remain some emotional divisions caused by mudslinging severe enough to have candidates reject each other’s personal character.
指名投票では、トランプ氏以外の候補に3割もの票が流れた。予備選で争った党主流派らが、敗北を認めて撤退した後も、トランプ氏支持を拒否したからだ。人格を否定するほどの中傷合戦のしこりが残っているのは間違いない。

Indiana Gov. Mike Pence was nominated as Trump’s vice presidential running mate. Pence has extensive political experience and enjoys solid confidence from the Republican mainstream, but we cannot expect that he will be able to unify the party.
副大統領候補には、政治経験が豊富で主流派の信任が厚いインディアナ州のマイク・ペンス知事が指名された。党内の調整役を担うが、融和は期待できまい。

Trump’s campaign team issued an apology over plagiarism in the speech delivered by his wife, Melania, at the convention. Policies and comments by the candidate and those close to him will be put under stricter scrutiny in the coming months. We wonder if his team can secure specialists in each field on its own.
トランプ氏陣営は、妻のメラニアさんの党大会での演説に、盗用があったとして謝罪した。候補らの政策や発言には、今後、一段と厳しい目が注がれる。陣営は、自力で各分野の専門家を集める態勢を整えられるのだろうか。

(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, July 24, 2016)

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ポケモンGO マナーを守って街を歩こう

The Yomiuri Shimbun
‘Pokemon Go’ players must observe manners as they pursue creatures
ポケモンGO マナーを守って街を歩こう

Only when attention is paid to safety and the rules are observed is it fun to play games.
安全に留意し、ルールを守ってこそ、ゲームは楽しい。

The globally popular smartphone game “Pokemon Go” has now been released in Japan.
世界各国で大人気のスマートフォン向けゲーム「ポケモンGO」の配信が、日本でも始まった。

After downloading the game app free of charge, a player is able to view their surroundings with the smartphone’s camera and catch virtual characters that appear on the screen by hitting them with a ball.
無料でアプリをダウンロードし、スマホのカメラで周辺を映し出すと、風景の中にポケモンが合成表示される。それにボールを当てて捕まえるゲームだ。

The game developers include The Pokemon Co., an affiliate of Nintendo Co. The app has attracted attention as a new type of game in which virtual characters are collected as gamers walk around towns and cities.
任天堂の関連会社ポケモンなどが手がける。街を歩き回りながらキャラクターを集める新タイプのゲームとして話題となった。

The number of people playing “Pokemon Go” in the United States has reached about 23 million per day, which is said to be a record high for a smartphone game. Those who have downloaded the app mainly are people who were children when the animated Pokemon enjoyed popularity in the 1990s.
米国では1日の利用者数が約2300万人に達した。スマホ向けゲームでは過去最高だという。ダウンロードしているのは、ポケモンが人気を呼んだ1990年代に子供だった人たちが中心だ。

The current “Pokemon Go” craze is a good example of content that originated in Japan being loved overseas.
日本発のコンテンツが海外でも愛されている好例である。

A positive economic effect can also be expected. If the locations for acquiring virtual tools to catch Pokemon are set in such establishments as restaurants, it will help to attract customers. For example, McDonald’s Japan has announced a tie-up with “Pokemon Go.”
経済的効果も見込める。ポケモンを捕まえるための道具を入手できるスポットを、飲食店などに設定すれば、集客に役立つだろう。日本マクドナルドはポケモンGOとの提携を発表した。

The Nintendo stock price briefly hit the ¥30,000 level for the first time in six years. Related stocks also fared well. It is hoped the current craze will reinvigorate the game industry.
任天堂の株価は一時、6年ぶりに3万円台を記録した。関連株も好況だ。ゲーム業界の起爆剤となることが期待されている。

Matters of concern

On the other hand, many concerns have also been expressed.
一方で、懸念も多い。

In the United States, a series of incidents have occurred in which players, distracted by the smartphone’s screen, suffered injuries as they bumped into signboards and other objects. There have also been cases in which accidents have occurred as players were absorbed in playing the game while they were at the wheel or fell from a cliff after losing their footing.
米国では、スマホの画面に気を取られ、看板などにぶつかって負傷する人が相次いでいる。運転中にゲームに興じて事故を起こしたり、足を踏み外して崖から転落したりした例もある。

In Japan, too, looking at smartphones while walking has become a major issue, and there is concern about whether the “Pokemon Go” game will exacerbate the problem. Railway companies are nervous about the possibility of accidents occurring on station platforms.
日本でも、歩きながらメールなどをする「歩きスマホ」が大きな問題となっている。ポケモンGOが、それに拍車をかけることにならないか。駅のホームで事故が起きかねないと、鉄道会社は神経をとがらせている。

It can be anticipated that players will enter places unfit for the game. In the United States, Pokemon appeared at such locations as a memorial at the site of terrorist attacks in New York and at the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, with the facilities’ operators expressing discomfort.
ゲームにそぐわない場所にまで利用者が足を踏み入れることも考えられる。米国では、同時テロ跡地の慰霊碑やホロコースト記念博物館などにポケモンが現れ、施設側が不快感を示している。

The game app provider is required to sort out dangerous sites and unfit facilities for playing the game and work out software configurations that will exclude such locations from the game. In case problems occur at specific locations, it is necessary to deal with them flexibly by omitting such locations from the game as soon as possible.
事業者には、危険な場所や不適切な施設を洗い出し、ゲームの舞台から外すようにソフトを設定することが求められる。トラブルが生じた際に、その場所を速やかに除外する柔軟な対応も必要だ。

As the school summer holidays have started, many children will play the “Pokemon Go” game. The government has released a message of caution on the internet, while Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga, in a rare move, called for players to be aware of safety during a news conference Friday, saying, “We want them to pay heed to points of caution for safe playing.”
夏休みに入り、ポケモンGOで遊ぶ子供たちは多いだろう。政府は、ネット上で注意を喚起し、菅官房長官は記者会見で、「安全に使うため、注意点を守ってほしい」と異例の呼びかけをした。

At home, parents must tell children how to stay safe when they play the game.
家庭でも、保護者が子供に守るべきことをきちんと伝えたい。

(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, July 23, 2016)

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トルコ非常事態 ここまでの粛清が必要なのか

The Yomiuri Shimbun
Can mass purge of Gulen supporters really be called necessary in Turkey?
トルコ非常事態 ここまでの粛清が必要なのか

Turkey is a regional power linking Europe and the Middle East. If Turkey becomes unstable, it could have a negative effect on efforts to prevent terrorism and deal with Syria’s civil war and the resulting refugee problem.
欧州と中東を結ぶ地域大国のトルコが不安定化すれば、シリア内戦や難民問題、テロへの対処に悪影響が及ぶ。

Turkey should refrain from politically exploiting the failed coup d’etat launched by part of its military and must avoid a situation that deepens rifts within society.
軍の一部によるクーデター未遂事件を政治的に利用して、社会の亀裂を深める事態は避けねばなるまい。

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has declared a three-month state of emergency. The president said this step was needed “to remove swiftly all the elements of the terrorist organization involved in the coup attempt.” Emergency rule will make it possible to significantly restrict the rights of Turkish citizens, and could result in an escalation of heavy-handed politics in that nation.
トルコのエルドアン大統領が、3か月間の非常事態を宣言した。「クーデターの試みに関与したテロ分子全員を早急に取り除くためだ」という。国民の権利の大幅な制限が可能になり、強権統治が一段とエスカレートしよう。

The Turkish government has already detained several thousand people suspected of involvement in the coup attempt, including senior military personnel and judges. The figure shoots up to 60,000 if the number of police officers, civil servants and teachers who have been suspended or dismissed is added. Twenty-four TV and radio stations have had their broadcast licenses revoked, and controls on freedom of speech have been tightened.
政権はすでに、事件に関与した疑いで軍幹部や裁判官ら数千人を拘束している。解任・停職処分を受けた警察官、公務員、教員を含めた総数は6万人に達する。テレビ・ラジオ24局の放送免許を剥奪し、言論統制も強めた。

Erdogan has pointed the finger of blame at Fethullah Gulen, a U.S.-based Muslim cleric and political foe he claims is the “mastermind” behind the coup attempt. The so-called Gulen Movement, which has built schools to spread his teachings, has extended its influence into many fields and reportedly has several million supporters.
エルドアン氏は、政敵である米国在住のイスラム教指導者ギュレン師を「事件の黒幕」と指弾する。学校を開設して教えを広める「ギュレン運動」は、各界に浸透し、支持者は数百万人とされる。

Gulen has denied any involvement in the failed coup, but Turkey’s government is demanding the United States extradite him. There is little the government can do to avoid criticism that its mass purge of Gulen supporters is a “witch hunt.”
ギュレン師は関わりを否定するが、政権側は米国に引き渡しを要求している。ギュレン派を大量粛清するのは、「魔女狩り」と非難されても仕方あるまい。

Self-restraint needed

Erdogan has led Turkey for 13 years, first as prime minister and now as president. He apparently wants to sweep aside his opponents and speed up moves to amend the Turkish Constitution to strengthen the authority of the president.
エルドアン氏は首相から大統領に転じ、13年間、国を率いている。反対派を一掃して、大統領権限の強化に向けた憲法改正の動きを加速させたいのだろう。

In response to a call by Erdogan, many Turkish citizens took to the streets and blocked the attempted coup by rebellious members of the military. Some people even risked their lives to defend democracy. If Erdogan simply steps up his crackdown even though the coup has been suppressed, he likely will lose some of his supporters.
エルドアン氏の呼びかけに応じて、多くの国民が街頭に繰り出し、反乱軍の企てを阻止した。民主主義を守るために身を挺ていした者もいた。クーデターを鎮圧しても、締め付けを強めるだけでは、支持者が離れていくのではないか。

U.S. President Barack Obama telephoned Erdogan and quite rightly called on him to respect the rule of law. The European Union has warned that Turkey will not be able to join the EU if it reinstates the death penalty.
オバマ米大統領がエルドアン氏との電話会談で、法の支配の尊重を求めたのは当然である。欧州連合(EU)は、トルコが死刑制度を復活させた場合、EU加盟は不可能になると警告した。

There is concern that if confusion drags on within the police and military forces, their ability to uphold public safety will decline. At the end of June, a major terrorist attack occurred at the international airport of Istanbul, Turkey’s largest city.
懸念されるのは、軍と警察の混乱が長期化し、治安維持能力が低下することである。先月末には、最大都市イスタンブールの国際空港で大規模テロがあった。

Operations by an international coalition aimed at wiping out the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist group are at a crucial stage in efforts to take back key locations in Syria and Iraq. Turmoil in Turkey also could deal a blow to international cooperation in these operations.
過激派組織「イスラム国」掃討に向けた有志連合の作戦は、シリアとイラクの重要拠点奪還へ正念場を迎える。トルコの混迷は、国際連携にも打撃となろう。

Turkey is known as a pro-Japan nation, and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has built up a relationship of trust with Erdogan. Japanese companies that entered the Turkish market through involvement in the construction of a nuclear power plant and a subway line are concerned about the current situation there. Erdogan will need to exercise more self-restraint.
トルコは親日国として知られ、安倍首相はエルドアン氏と信頼関係を築いてきた。原発や地下鉄の建設で進出する日本企業も現状を憂慮している。エルドアン氏には自制が求められよう。

(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, July 22, 2016)

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トランプ氏指名 愚かな「壁」を築くのか

July 21, 2016 (Mainichi Japan)
Editorial: Trump brings nothing to the table but rancor, future discord
トランプ氏指名 愚かな「壁」を築くのか

So it has come to this.
とうとう、ここまで来た。

After months of offensive remarks, rude behavior, and widespread expectations that his candidacy would eventually, inevitably, crash and burn, businessman Donald Trump is now the Republican Party's nominee for president of the United States.
暴言や不作法を重ね、いつかは失速すると思われた実業家のトランプ氏が、ついに米共和党の大会で大統領候補に指名された。

Trump's pick for vice president is Indiana Gov. Michael Pence, an experienced politician (unlike the nominee himself) who can act as a bridge with the Republican mainstream. However, the selection of Pence does absolutely nothing to ameliorate how dangerous Trump is.
副大統領候補には、トランプ氏と対照的に政治経験があり党主流派とのパイプ役になれるペンス・インディアナ州知事が指名された。しかし、トランプ氏の危うさは全く改善されていない。

The Republican National Convention (RNC) is usually a grand love-in for the GOP's presidential nominee, but this year has been different. The party continues to churn with misgivings about Trump, and Republican stars including both former Bush presidents, 2008 nominee Sen. John McCain, 2012 nominee and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, and onetime 2016 candidate and Ohio Gov. John Kasich have all stayed away from the convention.
そもそも党内に疑問が渦巻いている。党大会は重要行事なのに、ブッシュ前大統領や過去2回の党大統領候補であるマケイン上院議員、ロムニー元マサチューセッツ州知事らが欠席。開催地オハイオ州の知事でトランプ氏と指名を争ったケーシック氏も出席を見送ったという。

What's more, some RNC delegates made an early push to be "unbound," or permitted to vote freely and not according to the results of the party's presidential primaries, revealing a deep vein of anti-Trump animosity. Yet more controversy was stirred when Trump's wife Melania gave a speech with parts that appeared to have been copied from Michelle Obama's address to the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
また、一部の代議員は予備選などの結果に拘束されずに候補を選ぶことを提案し、トランプ氏への根強い反感を浮き彫りにした。メラニア・トランプ夫人の演説が、ミシェル・オバマ大統領夫人の8年前の演説に酷似しているとの問題も浮上した。

But all this convention floor drama is a mere nothing compared to the stunning wrong-headedness of Trump's policies. First is his infamous plan for a wall along the U.S.-Mexican border to stop illegal immigration, which has now been duly included in the Republican platform. We are surprised that the GOP, with its emphasis on respect for American tradition and customs, would endorse such a foolish idea, which has even been condemned by Pope Francis as "not Christian." The Republican Party has drifted badly off-course. There is no other way to describe it.
だが、何より問題なのは政策だ。共和党の政策綱領には、違法移民対策としてメキシコ国境に壁を造るというトランプ氏の主張が盛り込まれた。ローマ法王も問題視した愚かな主張を、米国の伝統と美風を重んじる共和党が公認したのは驚きだ。同党の迷走は深刻と言うしかない。

Then there is Trump's suggestion that Japan and South Korea acquire nuclear weapons. These exact words do not appear in the Republican policy platform, but the document does state that the U.S. must "rebuild relationships with our allies, who understand that as long as the U.S. nuclear arsenal is their shield, they do not need to engage in nuclear proliferation."
また、トランプ氏の「日韓核武装容認」発言に関連して、綱領は「米国の核兵器を盾とする同盟国」との関係を再構築する必要があると述べ、「核の傘」を含めた米国の核政策を見直す可能性も示唆した。

The GOP platform similarly fudges Trump's call for a temporary ban on Muslims entering the U.S., stating instead that "we must apply special scrutiny to those foreign nationals seeking to enter the United States from terror-sponsoring countries or from regions associated with Islamic terrorism."
物議をかもした「イスラム教徒の入国禁止」提案は、特定地域から米入国を希望する外国人らを対象に特別な調査を行うとの表現になった。

These two policy ideas are filled to bursting with future problems. In particular, the effects of a U.S. rethink of its nuclear policy would inevitably hit Japan. The Republican platform's cautious attitude to the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade pact is also a cause of serious concern for Japan.
だが、この二つの政策は依然、大きな問題をはらむ。特に核政策を見直すなら日本への影響は避けられない。トランプ氏に合わせて、綱領が環太平洋パートナーシップ協定(TPP)に慎重な態度に転じたのも日本にとって大きな不安材料だ。

One eye-catching and alarming detail of the GOP platform is that it begins with the following sentence: "We believe in American exceptionalism." Furthermore, the document accuses the administration of President Barack Obama of weakening the U.S. and having "invited aggression," resulting in "an emboldened China in the South China Sea (and) a resurgent Russia occupying parts of Ukraine and threatening neighbors from the Baltic to the Caucasus." It also calls North Korea "the Kim family's slave state." However, nowhere does the Republican platform describe in any detail what it wishes to do about these three countries.
目を引くのは、米国を特別な存在とする「米国例外主義」を綱領の冒頭に掲げたことだ。また、オバマ政権の「弱さ」ゆえに「侵略」が生じたとして、南シナ海での中国の「増長」やロシアのクリミア編入に言及、北朝鮮は「金一族の奴隷国家」だと厳しく批判したが、この3国への具体的な対応は詳しく述べていない。

Simply heaping criticism on the Obama administration will not win the Republicans the White House.
オバマ政権を批判するだけでは展望は開けまい。

In the loudly shouted slogans "America first" and "Make America great again," there is absolutely nothing that tells us how Trump views the safety and stability of the world.
「米国第一」「米国を再び偉大な国に」という声高な主張とは裏腹に、トランプ氏には世界の安全安定への視点が決定的に欠けている。

If he is to boast that the United States is a special country, he must think not just about the benefits and losses of his own nation, but about global interests.
米国は特別な国と誇るのなら、自国の損得だけでなく世界の利益こそ考えるべきである。

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南スーダン支援 安全優先でPKOを継続せよ

The Yomiuri Shimbun
PKO in S. Sudan should continue while putting priority on security
南スーダン支援 安全優先でPKOを継続せよ

Japan plays a part in U.N. peacekeeping operations in South Sudan to stabilize the African country. It is important to continue these missions while taking all possible measures to ensure safety.
南スーダンの安定化に向け、日本は国連平和維持活動(PKO)の一翼を担っている。安全確保に万全を期し、活動を継続することが重要だ。

Fighting broke out earlier this month in the capital of Juba between followers of the South Sudan president and vice president, leaving many people dead.
首都ジュバで今月上旬以降、大統領派と副大統領派が武力衝突し、多数の死者が出た。

The Ground Self-Defense Force engineering unit taking part in the U.N. Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS), comprised of about 350 personnel, suspended its operations, which included developing roads and building facilities for related organizations in the suburbs of Juba.
国連南スーダン派遣団(UNMISS)に参加する陸上自衛隊の施設部隊約350人は、ジュバ近郊での道路整備、関係機関の施設建設などの活動を見合わせた。

To help Japanese civilians evacuate from South Sudan, the government sent an Air Self-Defense Force C-130 transport aircraft. The plane ultimately collected four Japanese Embassy officials. We regard this as a broadly appropriate response.
在留邦人退避を支援するため、政府は航空自衛隊のC130輸送機を派遣し、大使館員4人を輸送した。概おおむね適切な対応だった。

The C-130 aircraft had to refuel at several locations before arriving in the country because it has a short cruising distance. To conduct more mobile operations overseas, it is vital to beef up efforts for the full-fledged deployment of C-2, a new primary transport aircraft with a range of about 6,500 kilometers.
C130は航続距離が短く、現地までに数か所で給油を要した。より機動的な海外活動を行うには、航続距離が約6500キロの新型主力輸送機C2の本格配備を急ぐことが欠かせない。

The government also considered having the GSDF transport Japanese civilians by land from central Juba to an airport, a plan that was eventually put off as the local security situation improved. However, it is important for the GSDF to be ready to deal with a mission of this kind.
陸自が邦人を市街地から空港まで陸上輸送することも検討した。治安改善に伴って見送ったが、そうした任務にも対応できる態勢を整えておくことが大切だ。

The GSDF unit is currently conducting activities around its base only, such as setting up tents for locals who have fled the fighting and supplying them with food.
陸自部隊は現在、避難住民へのテント設営、食料支援など宿営地周辺での活動にとどめている。

The government will continue the GSDF missions in South Sudan, stating that the five principles for taking part in U.N. peacekeeping operations — such as a ceasefire agreement reached between parties concerned in the conflict — are still being observed. We believe this is a reasonable decision.
政府は、紛争当事者間の停戦合意などの「PKO参加5原則」は守られているとして、陸自の活動を継続する。妥当な判断だ。

Reputation at stake

The UNMISS involves 62 nations, such as India, South Korea and China. If Japan hastily pulls out, the decision could undermine the trust that exists between Japan and the United Nations as well as Japan and other countries, while also causing doubts over Tokyo’s commitment to international contributions.
UNMISSにはインド、韓国、中国など62か国が参加している。日本が拙速に撤退すれば、国連や他国との信頼関係が崩れ、国際貢献への姿勢が疑われかねない。

Since South Sudan’s independence in 2011, the Japanese government has dispatched GSDF units, rotating them at a pace of about once every half a year.
2011年の南スーダンの独立後、政府は、陸自部隊を約半年交代で派遣している。

We believe that the GSDF’s engagement in building roads, which serves as a foundation of nation-building, contributes to the country’s stability and development.
国造りの基礎である道路整備に陸自が従事することは、南スーダンの安定と発展に寄与しよう。

Currently, South Sudan is the only country where Japan takes part in U.N. peacekeeping operations. We hope that the mission will be soundly implemented, as this can also help realize a “proactive contribution to peace” as advocated by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s administration.
現在、日本が参加するPKOは南スーダンだけだ。安倍政権の「積極的平和主義」を体現するためにも、着実に取り組みたい。

A focus for the future is authorizing rescue missions by GSDF units, based on the security-related laws that have been enacted.
今後の焦点は、安全保障関連法の施行を踏まえた、「駆けつけ警護」任務の付与である。

The laws enable them to rescue U.N. officials, civilians, foreign troops or others in South Sudan when they face attacks by armed groups.
現地で国連職員や民間人、他国軍兵士らが武装集団などに襲われた場合、陸自部隊が救援に行くことが可能となる。

The Defense Ministry has established rules of engagement that stipulate, among other things, limits on the use of arms, while also starting to study training programs for this kind of duty. The ministry is expected to authorize a GSDF unit, which it will dispatch to the African country in November at the earliest, to carry out this mission.
防衛省は、武器使用の限度などを定める部隊行動基準を作成する一方、訓練開始に向けた検討にも入った。早ければ、11月にも現地に派遣する部隊に新任務を付与するとみられる。

An emergency situation that will require a rescue mission could occur at any time, even if not frequently. The ministry is urged to make extensive preparations in advance and offer training programs.
駆けつけ警護が必要な状況は、頻繁ではないが、いつ発生してもおかしくない。事前の十分な準備と訓練が求められよう。

(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, July 20, 2016)

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自己紹介・リンク

妻はタイ人、娘ばかり3人も!

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■近況

2009年の9月15日に脳梗塞を発症、右手が少し不自由になりました。
MRAで脳梗塞の部位を特定でき、素早い処置をとれたので大事に至りませんでした。
快復にむけてリハビリ中です。
(2011/01/01更新)

■自己紹介・リンク

[ はじめに ]
タイのスラチャイです。
英語学習に王道はありません。
毎日毎日の地道な努力の積み重ねが必要です。
スラチャイはNHKのラジオ英語会話で現在の英語力を身につけました。
一日僅か15分の学習でも数年間継続すれば相当な学習効果が期待できます。

[ 名前 ]
松井 清 (スラチャイ)

[ 略歴 ]
・福岡県出身
・国立高知大学卒業
・準大手建設会社に就職
・50歳で会社を早期退職
・99/10 タイ全土を旅行
・00/10 タイに移住
・03/07 カイちゃん誕生
・07/06 シーファーちゃん誕生
・現在タイ国コンケン在住

[ 座右の銘 ]
Slow and steady wins the race.
遅くとも着実な者が勝利する
(NHK基礎英語芹沢栄先生)

[ 学習の手引き ]
・音読して耳から英語を吸収
・Think in English.
・ネイティブ発音付辞書活用
・英英辞典を活用(英和も)
・翻訳和文で専門用語確認

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スラチャイ編曲のmidiのギター曲
スラチャイ編曲のJ.S.Bachです

スラチャイの多国言語学習
初歩のタイ語
初歩の中国語
初歩のラオス語
初歩のビルマ語
初歩のシンハリ語
初歩のタガログ語

タイ語の基礎
タイ文字
タイ日辞書
タイ語の副詞
タイ語の前置詞
タイ語の助動詞
タイ語の接続詞

基礎タイ語一覧(タイ文字、ローマ字)
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧:
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他

基礎タイ語一覧(タイ文字、音声付き)
サイト外HPリンク一覧:
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他

タイの文化一覧:
01 雨の日にも傘をささないタイ人
02 勉強熱心なタイ人女性たち
03 タイ人は敬謙な仏教徒
04 タイの市場
05 タイの食堂
06 タイ人は外食が大好き
07 果物王国タイランド
08 タイ人の誕生日
09 タイの電話代は高い
10 微笑みの国タイランド

14の戒律(テラワーダ仏教戒律)
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧:
第01番目の戒律
第02番目の戒律
第03番目の戒律
第04番目の戒律
第05番目の戒律
第06番目の戒律
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第10番目の戒律
第11番目の戒律
第12番目の戒律
第13番目の戒律
第14番目の戒律

14の戒律(テラワーダ仏教戒律)
サイト外HPリンク一覧:
14の戒律解説
第01番目の戒律
第02番目の戒律
第03番目の戒律
第04番目の戒律
第05番目の戒律
第06番目の戒律
第07番目の戒律
第08番目の戒律
第09番目の戒律
第10番目の戒律
第11番目の戒律
第12番目の戒律
第13番目の戒律
第14番目の戒律


[ 英字新聞リンク ]
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blogger
biglobe
excite
a8
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ameblo
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rakuten
ninja
seesaa
goo
fc2
yahoo
livedoor
dreamlog

[ HPリンク ]
cocolog 家族のアルバム
fc2 家族のアルバム
初歩の日本語(タイ人学生向け)
タイの小学三年生数学学力テスト(国家試験)
タイ語、中国語、ビルマ語
Preliminary Japanese lessons for Thai students
旅行のタイ語学習サイト
ラオ日・日老辞書
妻はタイ人/タイの文化/タイの仏教戒律

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